Metodología de Binford para la categorización tafonómica de marcas de dientes animales en superficies óseas: una revisión con búsqueda sistemática / Binford methodology for taphonomic classification of animal tooth marks on bone surfaces: a systematic search review

La Tafonomía, concepto reconocido en paleontología y antropología, permite estimar tiempo y circunstancias de muerte mediante el estudio de condiciones post-mortem y factores relativos a la supervivencia de restos óseos. Entre las diferentes variables tafonómicas, Binford (1981) propuso una categorización de marcas de mordedura, hoy reconocido estándar para estos estudios. Sin embargo, su diseño original en inglés podría llevar a malinterpretaciones o informes erróneos por no poseer una traducción validada. Se realizó una revisión con búsqueda sistemática de artículos en español, sin límite temporal, que citaran a Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") en Google Scholar. Fueron incluidos aquellos que mencionaran esta metodología para categorizar marcas de mordedura como agente tafonómico. Se excluyeron tesis, libros, pósters y resúmenes de congresos. Se identificaron 349 documentos y se seleccionaron 83 según criterios. El 65,12 % refirió sólo a huellas de mordedura animal sin especificar categorías; el 26,51 % mostró traducciones libres o categorizaciones parciales, y el 8,43 % realizó categorizaciones sin traducción. La mayor cantidad de citas fueron realizadas por autores de Argentina y España (54,22 % y 24,10 % respectivamente, como única filiación). Las categorías con más traducciones libres fueron "pitting" y "puncture" (11 y 8 términos diferentes respectivamente). Si bien la categorización de Binford es citada profusamente en países de habla hispana para definir las marcas de mordedura animal en hueso, la ausencia de transculturización conlleva falta de consenso para la comunidad científica. Más allá de una traducción literal, la adaptación y estandarización de estos términos es necesaria para validar esta metodología.

Taphonomy, a concept recognized in paleontology and anthropology, allows the estimation of time and circumstances of death by studying post-mortem conditions and factors related to the survival of bone remains. Among the different taphonomic variables, Binford (1981) proposed a categorization of bite marks, now recognized as standard for these studies. However, its original design in English could lead to misinterpretations or erroneous reports for not having a validated translation. A scoping review was conducted for articles in Spanish, without a time limit, that cited Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") in Google Scholar. Those who mentioned this methodology to categorize bite marks as taphonomic agent were included. Theses, books, posters and conference proceedings were excluded. We identified 349 documents, and 83 were selected according to criteria. 65.12 % referred only to animal bite marks without specifying categories; 26.51 % showed free translations or partial categorizations, and 8.43 % made categorizations without translation. The largest number of citations were made by authors from Argentina and Spain (54.22 % and 24.10 % respectively, as the only affiliation). The categories with the most free translations were "pitting" and "puncture" (11 and 8 different terms respectively). While Binford's categorization is widely cited in Spanish-speaking countries to define animal bite marks in bone, the absence of transculturation implies a lack of consensus for the scientific community. Beyond a literal translation, the adaptation and standardization of these terms is necessary to validate this methodology.

Caracterización epidemiológica de mordeduras en personas, según registro de atención de urgencia: Provincia de Los Andes, Chile / Epidemiological characterization of bites on people, as emergency care record: Province of Los Andes, Chile

Background: Bites constitute a public health problem worldwide. Aim: To characterize epidemiologically bites by animals happened in the province of Los Andes (2005-2007). Method: Descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study. Studied variables: Bitten person (BP), accident by bite, biting animal and bite. It was not feasible to obtain more updated information by law of patient protection. Results: 2,360 BP were assisted in the emergency unit of San Juan de Dios Hospital and Rio Blanco clinic. An annual average rate of 729 BP/100,000 inhabitants and 1.99 daily average was recorded. The male gender was most affected (53.5%) and the age group from 6 to 10 years old. (Rate: .521/100,000). Most frequent topographic location was the lower limb, except in children under 5 year olds in whom predominated head and neck. The biting animal according to frequency was: the dog (67.1%) spider (7.1%) and cat (3.9%). The animal property was 35.6% known and 30.7% own. The most frequent problems were: nonspecific allergy; toxic effect by spider bites and among the infections, the disease made by cat’s scratch stands out. Regarding the record system, the biting animal complaint was applied to 47.6% of the BP and the 92.8% of the recorded information was incomplete. Conclusions: Bites reported higher rates in the province of Los Andes than the average of the country (729 versus 188/100,000), standing out the higher magnitude in 6 to 10 year-old-children. It is noticed that the record is low and incomplete. In this province, no bite control programs or updated studies have been carried out.

Introducción: Las mordeduras constituyen un problema de salud pública mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente las mordeduras por animales ocurridos en la provincia de Los Andes (2005-2007). Método: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo retrospectivo. Variables estudiadas: Persona mordida (PM), accidente por mordedura, animal mordedor y mordedura. No fue factible obtener información más actualizada por ley de protección del paciente. Resultados: Se atendieron 2.360 PM en los Servicios de Urgencia del Hospital San Juan de Dios y Clínica Río Blanco. Se registró una tasa anual promedio de 729 PM/100.000 hbts. y promedio diario 1,99. El género más afectado fue el masculino (53,5%), y el grupo etario de 6 a 10 años (tasa:1.521/100.000). La ubicación topográfica más frecuente fue extremidad inferior, excepto en niños bajo 5 años de edad en quienes predominó cabeza-cuello. El animal mordedor según frecuencia fue: perro (67,1%) araña (7,1%) y gato (3,9%). La propiedad del animal fue 35,6% conocida y 30,7% propios. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron alergia no específica, efecto tóxico por mordedura de arañas y entre las infecciones destaca la enfermedad por rasguño de gato. La notificación de animal mordedor se aplicó a 47,6% de las PM; 92,8% de la información contenida estaba incompleta. Conclusiones: Las mordeduras en la Provincia de Los Andes presentaron tasas mayores que el promedio país (729 versus 188/100.000), destacando la mayor magnitud en niños de 6 a10 años. En la provincia no se han realizado programas de control de mordeduras o estudios actualizados.

Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground

Mating events and aggregations of vulnerable nurse sharks Ginglymostoma cirratum were recorded in the insular protected area of Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brazil, between April and August 2015. Female sharks were observed clustering in groups of up to 14 individuals in shallow water adjacent to the shore. Several evasive mating behaviours in the presence of males were noticed, including shoreward movement, positioning ventral side up at the sea surface with emerged pectoral and pelvic fins, body rolling and caudal fin thrashing. Fresh bite marks indicative of male courtship and coupling attempts were visible in female's pectoral and caudal fins. Altogether, the observed behaviours match previous reports of non-cooperative female nurse sharks during mating opportunities. An extended mating season coupled with a persistent use of inshore habitats result in nurse sharks being particularly vulnerable to human pressure during a most sensitive stage of their life cycle. The effective conservation of nurse shark populations from the western South Atlantic may thus depend on the protection of critical habitats where this species aggregates to reproduce. Explicitly addressing environmental requirements by vulnerable species in local management strategies is indispensable to ensure that human pressure, including ecotourism development, does not collide with stipulated conservation aims.(AU)

Agregações e eventos reprodutivos do vulnerável tubarão-lixa, Ginglymosytoma cirratum , foram registrados na área insular protegida do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brasil, entre Abril e Agosto de 2015. Grupos constituídos por até 14 fêmeas foram observados em águas rasas adjacentes à linha costeira. Perante a presença de machos, diversos comportamentos evasivos por parte das fêmeas foram identificados, incluíndo movimentação para águas ainda mais rasas, posicionamento na superfície do mar com a face ventral orientada para cima e emersão das nadadeiras peitorais e pélvicas, enrolamento do corpo e batimento da nadadeira caudal na superfície do mar. Foram identificadas marcas recentes de mordida nas nadadeiras peitorais e caudais das fêmeas, sugerindo interações de acasalamento com machos. No geral, os comportamentos observados coincidem com os comportamentos exibidos por fêmeas não aquiescentes à cópula reportados no hemisfério norte. Em FEN, a duração relativamente longa do período de acasalamento, juntamente com a utilização persistente dos habitats mais costeiros, promovem a vulnerabilidade do tubarão lixa às pressões antrópicas durante uma das fases mais sensíveis do seu ciclo de vida. A conservação efetiva das populações de tubarão-lixa do Oceano Atlântico Sul ocidental poderá, assim, depender da proteção dos habitats críticos de agregação onde esta espécie se reproduz. Por conseguinte, a abordagem explícita dos requisitos ambientais associados a espécies vulneráveis no âmbito dos planos de manejo locais deve ser considerada como indispensável para assegurar que as pressões antrópicas, incluíndo o desenvolvimento ecoturístico, não comprometerão os objetivos conservacionistas estipulados.(AU)

Venomous and poisonous arthropods: identification, clinical manifestations of envenomation, and treatments used in human injuries

Abstract This review presents the main species of venomous and poisonous arthropods, with commentary on the clinical manifestations provoked by the toxins and therapeutic measures used to treat human envenomations. The groups of arthopods discussed include the class Arachnida (spiders and scorpions, which are responsible for many injuries reported worldwide, including Brazil); the subphylum Myriapoda, with the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda (centipedes and millipedes); and the subphylum Hexapoda, with the class Insecta and the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (stink bugs, giant water bugs, and cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees), and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Heridas por mordedura animal en la región maxilofacial: revisión de literatura y presentación de casos / Animal bite wounds in the maxillofacial region: a review of the literature and case reports

Las heridas por mordida en la región maxilofacial son relativamentecomunes y se consideran de tratamiento complejo; son contaminadas con una flora oral bacteriana única y, en ocasiones, tienen resultados estéticos devastadores. Las heridas pueden ser ocasionadas por animales domésticos, salvajes y humanos. El clínico debe tener una comprensión multidisciplinaria del manejo de las mismas, incluyendo el abordaje médico, quirúrgico, viral, bacteriológico y la secuencia propia del tratamiento. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura, así como casos clínicos para el tratamiento integral de este tipo de trauma.

Bite wounds in the maxillofacial region are relatively common and are regarded as diffi cult to treat given the associated contamination with what is a unique polymicrobial inoculum. The aesthetic consequences can occasionally prove devastating. The wounds can be caused by both domestic and wild animals, as well as by humans. Clinicians need to have a multidisciplinary understanding of how to manage such wounds, including surgical, medical, virological, and bacteriological aspects, and the proper sequence of treatment. We present a review of the literature and a number of clinical cases for the comprehensive management of this type of trauma.

Post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies at two newly designated intradermal rabies vaccination clinics in Kerala, India.

Background. The two-site intradermal rabies vaccination (IDRV) regimen was recently introduced in Kerala. We aimed to determine factors associated with exposure of category III severity among patients seeking prophylaxis against rabies at IDRV clinics. Methods. This hospital-based, cross-sectional study was done at two clinics in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire by direct interview and 320 patients were included. Bivariate analysis of quantitative variables was done using t-test and that of qualitative variables using chi-square test. Results. The mean (standard deviation) age of patients was 32.4 (19.6) years. Among the 320 cases, 202 (63.1%) had category III exposure. Lower extremities were the most frequent site of exposure (146, 45.6%). The most frequent mode of exposure was being bitten by an animal (214, 66.9%), often a dog. Residence in rural areas, exposure to dogs and wounds on the extremities had a significant association with severity of exposure. Conclusion. Animal exposures were more among people from rural areas. About two-thirds of exposures which necessitated post-exposure prophylaxis were category III.

Monkey bites: a public health problem in urban setting.

Animal bites constitute an important public health problem. Monkey bites accounted for 8.8% of total animal bites (1987-1991) treated in Postgraduate institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak. It was noted that monkeys are becoming the second most common animal to inflict bites. The hospital data revealed that 63.5% of the total animal bites belonged to class-III type. The article also details two case studies of monkey bites.